Bullying And The Act Of Bullying Essay - 1660 Words

----------- One may assume bullying in schools was all too common. And of course, in the end, they would absolutely right. For whether one has been the victim of bullying or, perhaps, a perpetrator of it, themselves, one has no doubt been exposed to stories of bullies through friends and family, as much as through movies and media. Indeed, it seems like bullying itself is a theme inseperable theme from one’s childhood or adolescent experience inc school. Whether was the victim of it or not, they undoubtedly knew that it went on; were around people who experienced it; heard a parent or grandparent relay a story about it, etc. But perhaps what is so shocking about the act of bullying in schools is not, so much, the act alone, in and of itself. Rather, what is shocking about the act of bullying is the harsh reality which its seeming normality—and its popular acceptance as a fact of life—actually conceals. ----------- Of course, this shocking reality is not only the effect of bullying on its targets (who may endure any number of verbal or physical attacks, to varying extremes). But more importantly one must ask what the effect of bullying is on the kind of person who bullies, as well: who becomes more prone to solving their problems through aggression (whether verbal or physical), over time. ----------- Thus the following essay will explore the problem of bullying in schools in greater depths. It will also examine some of the greater social and psychologicalShow MoreRelatedBullying Is An Act Of Bullying996 Words   |  4 Pagesfeelings on a daily basis due to horrifying act of bullying. We have all seen the movies where a character threatens a kid in the hallways for his lunch money, but in reality bullying is an act that happens far too often in our society. The Board of Education defines the core elements of bullying as â€Å"unwanted aggressive behavior, observed or perceived power imbalance, and repetition of behaviors or high likelihood of repetition.† The malicious act of bullying has reached a point where legal consequencesRead MoreTrying to Explain the Act of Bullying705 Words   |  3 PagesBullying is repeated and habitual use of force, abuse, threat and intimidate or aggressively impose domination over others. The bullying in school has plagued many schools in United States. It is sad that a lot of bullying happened in school and victims are traumatized on daily basis. Numerous researchers, educators, and psychologists have theories about why bullying occurs. Although these groups have different semantics for explaining why bullying occurs, there is always a common theme: power andRead MoreThe Act Of Bullying Prevention Center Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pageswere the victims of this bullying. Also 13% of students have often been called insults based on their race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and disability (National Bullying Prevention Center, 2016). The act of bullying have increased enormously in past five years in the United States. Worldwide, schools are intended to be safe places for students to learn valuable skills and grow. However, students will likely face negative experiences, such as bullying, which may cause them a lifelongRead MoreWhy Bullying Is An Act Of Survival932 Words   |  4 PagesBullying can be traced back to the beginning of time, but only recently has it become a national problem in schools. Donegan( 2012) explains how the desire to survive is part of instinct among all living things due to the multitude of species and limited natural resources on the planet which requires species to compete. There has been a constant drive to out-perform others in order to have our needs and wants met. According to Small (2007), research on nonhuman primates has shown how monkey and apeRead MoreBullying Is The Act Of Aggressive And Unwanted Behavior1351 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is bullying? Bullying is the act of aggressive and unwanted behavior that involves intimidating and/or physically harming another person. Among school age children, bullying involves a power imbalance of the stronger attacking the weaker. Children who are victims of bullying often feel alone and powerless to change their situation. When a child is bullied he can feel isolated, and clinical depression and low self-confidence may develop. As a parent, you may not realize that your child is beingRead MoreThe Anti Bullyin g Bill Of Rights Act895 Words   |  4 Pages The state of New Jersey passed Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act in 2011 to reduce school bullying. The Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act, which is Chapter 122, is â€Å"an Act concerning harassment, intimidation, and bullying in school settings, amending various parts of the statutory law and supplementing†. After learned the current situation of bullying in the United States, and compared the rates of bullying to New Jersey, realized the benefits of anti-bullying regulations have on youths, parents,Read MoreDefining Bullying As An Act Of Repeated Aggressive Behavior1272 Words   |  6 PagesDucharme define Bullying as an â€Å"act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically or mentally† (2010). Many students in elementary, middle and high school are absent from school every day because of fears of being bully. These students get bullied just because they’re different or have special needs. Students who are victims of bullying lose their self-esteem and confidence. It makes them feel worthless and unimportant. It also causes them to harm themselvesRead MoreThe Bullying Is An Act Of Power Occupies A Social Node767 Words   |  4 PagesGordon 4 The bullying, in the Foucauldian field of power occupies a social node channeling, linking, and articulating the operation of that form of power. That is, the bully represents themselves as the embodiment of which bares the responsibility to reinforce dominance. This action in itself is achieved through the disembodiment of the targeted aspects (as object,) from victim’s oriented positioning (as subject). As the bully exercises themselves in a privileged position as a means of empoweringRead MoreStop Bullying: The Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act761 Words   |  4 Pagesyour child been bullied? If they have, did they get the justice they deserve? well, not most people do.That’s because of the bullying laws not truly protecting children in school from being bullied in school.I will tell you that the children who bully don’t get the punishment they deserve because of the laws, teachers and staff, and the students. To begin with, bullying happens all around you and yet barely anything is being done about it. No one will stand up or speak up either until its tooRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Act Of Harassment By Sending Or Posting Harmful And Embarrassing Information1527 Words   |  7 PagesCyber bullying is considered an act of harassment by sending or posting harmful and embarrassing information or images of a person using the internet and various social media sites; it can include a number of things such as: stalking the victim, sending threats, impersonations, and humiliation of the victim (Feinberg 10). Due to the fact that social media and technology are so prominent in student’s lives today, it is hard for them to escape becoming a victim of cyber bullying, especially at school

Essay about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - 1267 Words

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. Three of the four subtypes of Ebola virus identified so far have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, and Ebola-Ivory Coast. The fourth, Ebola-Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans. Where is Ebola virus†¦show more content†¦Ebola HF typically appears in sporadic outbreaks, usually spread within a health-care setting (a situation known as amplification). It is likely that sporadic, isolated cases occur as well, but go unrecognized. How is Ebola virus spread? Infection with Ebola virus in humans is incidental -- humans do not carry the virus. Because the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown, the manner in which the virus first appears in a human at the start of an outbreak has not been determined. However, researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal. After the first case-patient in an outbreak setting (often called the index case) is infected, the virus can be transmitted in several ways. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an infected person. This is why the virus has often been spread through the families and friends of infected persons: in the course of feeding, holding, or otherwise caring for them, family members and friends would come into close contact with such secretions. People can also be exposed to Ebola virus through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated withShow MoreRela tedThe Epidemic Of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever1893 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' Introduction Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe and often deadly illness named after a river in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaà ¯re) where it was ï ¬ rst identiï ¬ ed in 1976 with a high case fatality rate lying between 50 and 90%. Outbreaks between 1972 and 2007 are shown in Table 1. The disease ï ¬ rst came into the limelight in 1976 in Zaà ¯re and Sudan in 1976 [17]. Its origin is still unknown and it is widely believed that Ebola virus is transmitted to humans from discrete life cyclesRead MoreIs Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ( Ehv )?1471 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHV)? EHV is a severe and often fatal disease caused by the ebolavirus. It has an incubation period of 2 days to 3 weeks, during which the patient is not contagious. The patient will become contagious when the first symptoms appear, namely fever, sore throat, muscle pain and headaches, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, decreased kidney and liver function, and finally, internal and external bleeding. The virus can be from wild animals, as well as through human to humanRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever2074 Words   |  9 Pages Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by a virus found in the family of filoviridae, in genus known as ebolavirus. There are currently four known Ebola virus strands that are deadly to humans. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids so it can be transferred via mucosal surfaces or abrasions on the skin when being in direct contact to an infected person. It is highly pathogenic and causes death in approx. 50 -90% of all known cases. This laboratory and numerous experiments has shown that antigenRead MoreViral Hemorrhagic Fever and Ebola Virus Species2359 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Ebola hemorrhagic fever? Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. ThereRead MoreEbola: More Research is Needed To Find a Cure Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesEbola Hemorrhagic Fever is a severe and often deadly illness that occurs in humans and primates. Ebola viruses are members of the filovirus family. The Ebola virus causes the infection of this disease. There are four subtypes of the Ebola virus that have occurred in humans: Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, and Ebola Bundibogyo. There was also a case of Ebola that occurred in a non-human in Reston, Virginia. The Zaire virus was the first Ebola virus discovered and it is also consideredRead MoreThe Ebola Virus1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ebola Virus A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The virus provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. There are more than 200 viruses thatRead MoreEbola Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesEbola Impact on Human Health amp; Hygiene Essay Historically Ebola has had a serious impact on human health and hygiene and still does due to the fact of no vaccine or treatment being discovered, but thanks to improvements in scientific and medical knowledge the virus itself is now controllable. Ebola is the virus Ebolavirus (EBOV), a viral genus, and the disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The virus is named after the Ebola River Valley in the DemocraticRead MoreThe Ebola Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pages In the year 1976, Ebola climbed out of its unknown hiding place, and caused the death of 340 people. Fear gripped the victims faces, and uncertainty tortured their minds. The people of Zaire waited outside clinics, churches and in their homes for a treatment of the horrible disease, but there was no cure. They were forced to watch people die, hoping that they would be saved from the violent death of the Ebola virus. From the year of 1976 to the present date of 1996, researchers have searched forRead MoreEssay about Bioterrorism - Viral Hemorrhagic Fever2177 Words   |  9 PagesBioterrorism - Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Abstract Viral hemorrhagic fever is one of the most feared diseases of todays time. Although most people have heard of anthrax, smallpox and the plague, viral hemorrhagic fever has become a potent weapon used for bioterrorism, silently killing its victims and instilling fear in the rest of the population. Viral hemorrhagic fever can be divided into 4 families. Although each family of viral hemorrhagic fever may have some of its own unique characteristicsRead MoreEbola Virus Disease ( Evd )1018 Words   |  5 PagesEbola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. EVD outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 90%. Ebola first appeared on July 27, 1976, the very first person to contract the Ebola virus began to show symptoms. Ten days later he was dead. The latter was in a village situated near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name., with a total of 602 reported cases and 431 deaths. The first victim to contract Ebola was a cotton factory worker from Nza ra, Sudan. Soon

Primary Reasons of Poverty of the Philippines Free Essays

Official poverty statistics in the Philippines are part of the System of Designated Statistics instituted and implemented by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) pursuant to Executive Order No. 352 signed on 01 July 1996. Based on policies approved by the NSCB, official poverty statistics consist of the food and poverty thresholds, the subsistence and poverty incidence, the income gap, the poverty gap, and the severity of poverty index. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary Reasons of Poverty of the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now The estimates of subsistence and poverty incidence are expressed in terms of proportion of families and of the population. Prior to 2000, the income gap, poverty gap and the severity of poverty index as well as the annual food and poverty thresholds were not part of the official poverty statistics. Under NSCB Board Resolution No. 9 Series of 2000, these statistics were added to the official poverty statistics designated to the NSCB under E. O. 352. Moreover, prior to 2003, the official poverty statistics were being generated only at the national and regional levels with urban-rural disaggregation. In response to user need for provincial disaggregation of poverty statistics, NSCB Resolution No.  1 Series of 2003 was passed on 15 January 2003, approving a methodology for the compilation of official poverty statistics. This methodology underwent a series of discussions thru workshops, interagency meetings and users’ fora before it was approved by the NSCB. The initial efforts of the NSCB for the development of the methodology were undertaken in 1999 as part of the NSCB involvement in the â€Å"Development of an Integrated Poverty Monitoring and Indicator System Project†, a module of the UNDP-assisted project â€Å"Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms for the Convergence of Poverty Alleviation Efforts, Phase I†, which was implemented by NEDA. Except for the food and poverty thresholds that are estimated annually, the other official poverty statistics are estimated every three years after the results of the Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) of the National Statistics Office (NSO) have become available. The FIES is a nationwide survey of households undertaken to gather data on the income and expenditures of Filipino families. How to cite Primary Reasons of Poverty of the Philippines, Papers

Nature in Our Life free essay sample

Whartons  and  Jamess  dissections of hidden sexual and financial motivations at work in society link them with writers who seem superficially quite different:  Stephen Crane,  Jack London, Frank Norris,Theodore Dreiser, and Upton Sinclair. Like the cosmopolitan novelists, but much more explicitly, these naturalists used realism to relate the individual to society. Often they exposed social problems and were influenced by Darwinian thought and the related philosophical doctrine of determinism, which views individuals as the helpless pawns of economic and social forces beyond their control. Naturalism is essentially a literary expression of determinism. Associated with bleak, realistic depictions of lower-class life, determinism denies religion as a motivating force in the world and instead perceives the universe as a machine. Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers had also imagined the world as a machine, but as a perfect one, invented by God and tending toward progress and human betterment. Naturalists imagined society, instead, as a blind machine, godless and out of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature in Our Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 19th-century American historian Henry Adams constructed an elaborate theory of history involving the idea of the dynamo, or machine force, and entropy, or decay of force. Instead of progress, Adams sees inevitable decline in human society. Stephen Crane, the son of a clergyman, put the loss of God most succinctly: A man said to the universe: Sir, I exist! However, replied the universe, The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation. Like Romanticism, naturalism first appeared in Europe. It is usually traced to the works of Honor‚ de Balzac in the 1840s and seen as a French literary movement associated with Gustave Flaubert, Edmond and Jules Goncourt, Emile Zola, and Guy de Maupassant. It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime. Naturalism flourished as Americans became urbanized and aware of the importance of large economic and social forces. By 1890, the frontier was declared officially closed. Most Americans resided in towns, and business dominated even remote farmsteads.

Ap Human Geography Green Revolution free essay sample

For the greater half of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century, The Green Revolution has taken off as the mission to end world hunger. It proves that humans have the power to â€Å"engineer crops† and change the way they grow and how sustainable they are. It alters the concept of agriculture as a whole. The Green Revolution is the future. Executed correctly, and it might be the solution to our food supply problems. Using safe modifications and pursuing further ventures in research is one way we can continue on the path of the Green Revolution. Also, implementing and refining concepts that we know have worked in the past can allow for advancements and more prominent results. In many countries, due to scarcity of land, farmers practice double cropping. This allows for two crop seasons a year. The only problem with this is that there would have to be two monsoons, on natural and the other â€Å"artificial. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Human Geography Green Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † India, which has found more efficient sources of food after their infamous Bengal Famine, has been one of the first countries to take an initiative in the green revolution. By using genetics to create HYVs, or High Yield Value seeds, they have been able to claim foreign acclaim and produce crops with increased viability. Agriculture is the largest employing industry in the world. The Green Revolution will keep that number high because of the amount of lateral facilities and resource plants that are affiliated with agriculture. Despite limits, such as falling short of demands and global implementation, the Revolution has shown tremendous results that show high prospects for the road ahead.

Psychological treatments for depression Essays

Psychological treatments for depression Essays Psychological treatments for depression Essay Psychological treatments for depression Essay Psychological treatments for Depression This essay will discuss and compare Becks cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and the use of drug therapy as treatments for depression. They differ heavily in their ideologies with regards to what depression is caused by. Becks therapy is a cognitive and therefore focuses on thought processes. The idea being, that people with depression can change their thought negative processes to positive ones in order to cure themselves. Whereas drug treatments focus on the biological causes for depression such as chemical imbalances and tries to revert these via the dministration of drugs. Beck Cognitive theory of depression, which is the ideology behind CBT, has three main parts. Firstly Beck said that depressed people have an unrealistic negative outlook on their self, life experiences and future therefore resulting in depression. He called this the Cognitive Triad. For example if someone was to experience losing their Job, they might blame this on themselves, believing they are a bad person and therefore that their life will never improve because they will never get another Job, in turn causing a depressed state of mind. CBT focuses on he patient identifying these negative thought processes and try to change them to positive cognitions. For example realizing that it wasnt their own fault they lost their job. The second part of Becks theory was based around Silent assumptions. These are unconscious assumptions which shape our conscious cognitions. These messages largely derive from the way in which we are spoken to and behaviour we witness, by those that have a large social impact on us; Such as parents, teachers and friends. Examples of silent assumptions might include l must have others approval r l must do everything perfectly. Beck said that believing these assumptions, although not unusual, can make a person vulnerable to depression and the key to recovery using CBT is identifying these thoughts as unhelpful and realizing that a person cannot always be perfect. The third and final part of becks model said that depressed people are prone to distorting events in their life negatively. One example is what Beck called Catastrophising. This being the tendency to blow a small issue out of proportion until it becomes a major setback. Again the focus of CBT is to dentify this negative information processing and make it positive. The main criticism of CBT is that; at its core it assumes that negative cognitions are what cause depression. Biological theorists directly contradict this idea. They say that the psychological symptoms of depression, such as negative cognitions, are caused by an underlying biological defect for instance; a chemical imbalance in the brain. Biological drug treatments focus on correcting chemical imbalances in the brain. Examples of such drugs are SSRI type medications. SSRI stands for selective erotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which scientists have discovered to positively correlate with happiness. It is believed that depressed people therefore are lacking in serotonin. Usually when serotonin is used in the brain it is absorbed back into the brain. SSRls work to inhibit that re-uptake in order to leave more serotonin active and create a buildup of the neurotransmitter over time. However the main criticism of drug treatments in general is that they can have side drugs dont necessarily pinpoint the individuals problem. Cognitive theorists would rgue that drug treatment is simply an artificial comfort for depressed people; not addressing the root cause of depression while CBT aims to change the person without the constant need to take drugs. Often CBT can be used alongside drug treatments in order to give the patient the best chance of recovery as neither treatments work for everyone. However the contradiction between these two theories really comes down to a nature versus nurture debate. Is depression a result of our biological make-up and the negative psychological effects are symptoms of that or vice versa?

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Government - Essay Example The names given to these government forms might vary depending on the state. However, the number, size and population also vary from state to state (Steytler 386). States do provide county governments with a various organizational structure. The county board has the power to govern most counties in a given state, although the name of this board varies from one state to another. Some of the commonly used names include county board of supervisors, the board of county commissioners, and the board of free commissioners. These members are popularly elected officials and that the state law strictly limits their legislative powers. However, their main responsibilities include deciding on the county budget, taxes, as well as zoning codes (Bowman and Kearney 107). In most counties, the county board supervisor has both executive and legislative authorities. The board members usually share the executive authorities with each member responsible for a different county unit and officers who are elected. The officers may include attorney, clerks, coroner, auditors, sheriff, recorder of deeds, treasurer, superintendent of schools and others (Steytler 28) County government further, issue licenses, supervise elections, keep records of vital statistics and over see many essential services including hospitals, sports facilities, as well as public welfare

A report into the Importance of smoking cessations IN patients with Essay

A report into the Importance of smoking cessations IN patients with COPD - Essay Example This paper will now critically evaluate evidence-based practice on the impact and the importance of smoking cessation among COPD patients. This topic is of importance because smoking is a major issue among COPD patients and the importance of smoking cessation has to be supported with evidence in order to provide practitioners as well as patients with logical foundations for their actions or inactions. Evidence-based practice has been considered one of the most crucial improvements in the health practice (Hjorland, 2011). Its application has assisted health professionals in the assessment of the most current evidence in the administration of patient care. The significance and multidisciplinary application of evidence-based practice is based on ideology and method (Hjorland, 2011). The ideology is based on ethical principles of clients deserving to be given the most effective of interventions. The method is the means by which individuals go about discovering and then later implementing the interventions (Duffy, Fisher, and Munroe, 2008). Under these conditions, evidence based practice indicates the commitment of the practitioner to use all the different means by which the strong evidence for any given situation can be applied (Duffy, et.al., 2008). Establishing best knowledge would require computer searches; moreover, it is a major challenge among practitioners since the techniques of finding effective interventions often require rigorous processes (Raines, 2008). Where practitioners applying empirically-based practice would make do with the use of two or three studies as evidence of effectiveness, evidence-based practice often involves the long and protracted search for numerous evidence to support efficacy (Raines, 2008). Evidence-based practice also involves the critical appraisal of evidence, mostly in terms of validity and utility within practice.

Section 2 Video Report Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Section 2 Video Report - Movie Review Example The culture that was shown is our wanton disregard to the environment and the call to change this culture of abuse and neglect to restore the health of our plaent. The culture’s economic strategy and social organization shown in the film depicts how economic activity and big business contributed to the rising temperature because of its industrial waste. Big business is not to be entirely faulted because, us, the consumers propelled them to be manufacture goods to satisfy our wants to the point of being destructive. The film can be likened to Al Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth that discussed the ill effects of climate change that we should act now and change our ways before we see a different planet. At present, the ecosphere is already out balance and it is being destroyed beyond its restorative capacity. There is however a difference with regard to the dominant theme compared to the previous documentary An Inconvenient Truth, in this documentary, it stated that our planet in itself is just fine. It can heal itself and balance had always ruled her. The problem is us. We are too many and consumed too many goods that we do not even need. Our population over the last two hundred years has finally taken its toll on mother earth she is already nearing a point where the damage done to her would be irreversible. This problem is aggravated by the lack of political will of current leadership to implement policies that will drastically change our ways to cut carbon emission and prevent further destruction of the planet. Instead, current leaders are blocking these changes. Personally, I see the film as a documentary of our helplessness. I mentioned helplessness because cannot do anything significant despite knowing the problem. Everybody knows that mother earth needs to be healed and that there is something wrong with her. Even those who do not care cannot deny the destructive force of nature now compared

Effect of Temperature on Membrane Permeability Beetroot

Effect of Temperature on Membrane Permeability Beetroot In this investigation I shall find out the relationship between the amounts of leakage of beetroot pigment into water under various range of temperatures. Furthermore, I will also investigate if there is a correlation between absorbency and temperature. Hypothesis Since the temperatures are high, it is possible that the phospholipids in the cell membrane will move faster. This will inevitably result in the membrane becoming for permeable. Therefore, I predict that, there will be a positive relationship between permeability and temperature. I also predict that there will be a positive correlation between the two variables, which means as the temperature increases the absorbency will inevitably increase. Null Hypothesis There will be no relationship between the rise in temperature and the amount of beetroot pigment leaking into the water. To give me a visual perception of my obtained results compared to that of the two other groups, I will represent the results in a form of a scatter diagram/graph. I will use the Spearman Rank Statistical test to carry out a statistical analysis of my results. This will allow me to establish a significant relationship between the two sets of data, which are the temperature and the absorbency. To work out the significant relationship I will be using the following formula: Rц¢ = 1 6 ∑D ² N = no. of pairs of measurements that I have, which is 7. n (n ² 1) Rц¢ = 1 6 x 2 n (n ² 1) Rц¢ = 1 6 x 2 7 (7 ² 1) Rц¢ = 1 12 336 Rц¢ = 0.96 I have been provided with a table, which indicates that for every n value there is a critical value. For 7 pairs of measurements the critical value is 0.79. If Rц¢ is greater than or equal to the critical value indicated in the table, than there is a significant relationship between my sets of data. Rs = 0.96 > 0.79. This indicates that there is a correlation between temperature and the absorbency. I also know that I have a positive correlation, as 0.96 is a positive value. I also need to work carry out a Spearmans rank test using my average value of absorbency, which includes my own set of results as well as the two other pooled results. Rs from my average value of absorbency is identical to the previous Rs. This clearly means that I have successfully managed to support the fact that there is a positive correlation between absorbency and temperature. Therefore, I can discard my Null Hypothesis, which states otherwise. The first graph, which is a scatter diagram of pool results, displays my results alongside with two other students. By carefully comparing the graph I have noticed that all the results indicate the same pattern of a positive correlation. However, I have noticed that one set of results had produced an anomalies result. Therefore, I intend to discuss possible limitation and problems, which may have caused this. The graph as well as the statistical analysis both indicates that my prediction was correct, and as a result of this I can discard my null hypothesis. Scientific Knowledge In the cells of a beetroot plant, substances called anthocyanin, which are common plant pigments, is contained within the plasma membrane. This substance is a glycosides that is water-soluble with some of the sugar groups removed. The red/purple color of the organism is produced from the anthocyanin, which in turn contains a positive charge distributed over the chemical ring system. A damaged beetroot cell with a broken membrane would initiate the anthocyanin bleeding out of the cell like a dye. This aspect could be used to test the conditions that affect the integrity of the cell membrane. The cell membrane in a beetroot plant is made up of a phospholipids bi-layer, which forms a fluid mosaic structure. If the temperature were increased the cell membrane would gain high kinetic energy and vibrate vigorously, causing the phospholipids bi-layer to break, which in turn would increase the size of the pores. As a result, when the temperature continues to raise the plasma membrane of the beetroot cell will rupture. This due to the fact that the phospholipids bi-layer, which forms the cell membrane, is made of proteins, and as the kinetic theory states; with increased temperature molecules in the protein will receive high energy and vibrate vigorously. For that reason, above the optimum temperature, the bonds holding the protein structure together will be broken, thus the proteins are denatured. This means at higher temperatures more of the pigment or anthocyanin would leak out, in turn increasing the rate of diffusion. As a result I have decided to find out the temperature v ariable and use the colour change, caused by the anthocyanin as the independent variable. The results, which I received, seem to support this fact, in that as the temperature increased the percentage transmission of light read by the colorimeter decreased. Evaluation of Evidence The graph produced from my results seem to illustrate the same trend as the two pooled results, which is that there is a direct proportionality between the increase in temperature and the absorbance. This indicates that my results were somewhat reliable. Throughout the experiment I used a syringe for measuring volume, which consequently would have increased precision, as this assured the measurements used were to the nearest millimetre. Moreover, I also used a stopwatch, which ensured that the time in which I allowed each set of beetroot discs to be heated in water was kept constant. I also used the same cork borer to cut out each beetroot cylinder, which indicates that all the beetroot cylinder should have been more or less identical to each other.

Biography Of Genghis Khan :: Biography Genghis Khan Bio Bios Essays

Biography of Genghis Khan The old world had many great leaders. Alexander the Great, Hannibal and even Julius Caesar met with struggle on their rise to power. Perhaps Genghis Khan was the most significant of all these rulers. To prove that Genghis Khan was the greatest ruler, we must go back to the very beginning of his existence. We must examine such issues as; Genghis ¹s struggle for power/how his life as a child would affect his rule, his personal and military achievements and his conquests. Genghis Khan was originally born as Temujin in 1167. He showed early promise as a leader and a fighter. By 1206, an assembly of Mongolian chieftains proclaimed him Genghis Khan. Which meant Universal or invincible prince. This was a bold move for the assembly. They obviously saw some leadership qualities in Genghis that others didn ¹t. When Genghis Khan was little, his chieftain father poisoned. With no leader left, the tribe abandoned Genghis and his mother. They were left alone for many years to care for themselves. Throughout these years, his family met many hardships such as shortage of food and shortage of money. Though unable to read, Genghis was a very wise man. His mother told him at a very early age the importance of trust and independence. "Remember, you have no companions but your shadow" Grolier Encyclopedia. (1995) CD ROM This quote was to mean to Genghis, don ¹t put to much trust in anyone, trust no one but yourself and if you must go your own way then do so. In 1206, Genghis Khan proclaimed the ruler of Mongolia. Genghis was a very respected leader. Like other leaders he knew what his people wanted. They want everything that is good and nothing that is bad. Genghis knew he could not promise this so instead he pledged to share both the sweet and the bitter of life. Genghis did not want to end up being poisoned like his father so instead he made alliances, and attacked anyone who posed a serious threat. Through this method of leadership, Genghis ¹s army grew to the point where they were unbeatable. Genghis contributed alot of items to the chinese and even western civilizations. Perhaps his greatest contribution was a code of laws that he declared. Since Genghis couldn ¹t read or write, these law were documented by one of his followers. His laws were carried on by people though the many generations to the point of still being in use

Powwow of Love

The 30th annual MSU Pow-Wow of Love was held on March 16, 2013. Arriving at Jenison Fieldhouse around 7. 35pm, I found myself breaking one of the rules. I entered the building from the east entrance – where the entrance was reserved just for the dancers. I then walked towards the dance arena, where the crowd gathered. The first thing that caught my eyes was the colorful and unique dance regalia or outfit worn by the dancers. Bright colors such as yellow, orange, red, and light blue wrapped around the dancers beautifully.The older looking male dancers were wearing the feather warbonnets on the head and bustles on the back. Dancers with striking multicolored beaded and fringed outfits were crowding the dance floor. Some of the female dancers dressed simple with their colorful fringed shawls. I noticed that some dancers even had bells attached to their ankles or dance outfits that they wore. I also was told that the feathers and leathers used were inherited from their father up t o their great grandfather. The sight was so magnificent – it made me excited to stay for the show.The dancing has already started when I arrived. I was told that they were doing the ‘Intertribal Dance’. In this particular dance, everyone is welcome to take part – even the spectators. The dancers moved in a circular clockwise motion a without any particular moves. They then invited the public to join them in the dance. I was hesitating to try it at first. But I told myself that won’t get the experience anywhere else. So, I decided to just do it. The basic step is the same step used by traditional dancers. First, one foot is tapped on one beat, placed down flatly.The action is then repeated with the opposite foot, without missing a beat. I enjoyed taking part in the dance as it was the only chance for me to experience the Native American culture closely. Other dances that were performed are the ‘Fallen Feather’ dance, the Two-Step dance a nd the ‘Social Dance’. Out of all these dances, the ‘Fallen Feather’ dance fascinated me the most. It was performed because a feather fell from dancer’s outfit. It was performed by four of the veteran male dancers. They danced around and one of the dancers picked up the feather at the end of the dance – while saying the prayers to it.The feather was then given back to the dancer who dropped it. I was told that in some cases, if the feather is not claimed, the person who picked it up can give it to anyone he thinks deserve the feather. During this dance, the spectators were asked to stand and remove their hats to respect the ceremony. Also, to protect its sacredness, pictures and videos were not allowed to be taken during the dance ceremony. After watching all the dances, I went to check out the art vendors. I would say that the arts and handicrafts made are eye-catching. The beadworks are impeccable.Most of the arts were based on their beliefs and lifestyles. For example, the dreamcatcher was made to prevent nightmare. The rabbit foot, the turtle necklace, the bone knifes, blankets and weavings were some of the famous handicrafts sold that day. I even bought myself a dreamcatcher as a souvenir. I feel so honored to have experienced this ‘Pow-Wow’ event. They have such great pride and respect for their land, culture and tradition. Most of the Native Americans that I encountered that day do not look like those people I saw in the movie – they look much like the Americans.And what amaze me most is that they still live up to their culture and tradition despite the difficulties they experienced in the past and the U. S. government’s policies towards banning some of the Native American cultures in the name of ‘assimilation’ – to assimilate Native Americans  into the mainstream US  culture. Overall, this experience has altered my perceptions about how the Native Americans reall y look and live their life. Being an international student, this is definitely one of the most memorable nights I’ve ever experience in the U. S.

How did the fashions of the 1900s to the 1930s reflect Modernist theories Essays

How did the fashions of the 1900s to the 1930s reflect Modernist theories Essays How did the fashions of the 1900s to the 1930s reflect Modernist theories Paper How did the fashions of the 1900s to the 1930s reflect Modernist theories Paper A definition of Modernism is The deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century. (The American Heritage-Dictionary of the English Language(2000)in Beard 2002: online) To explain this in more detail, there were many stylistic features that described the Modern Movement in art and design, these include truth to material, this means an honesty, in the sense that decoration must not mask the way a product is made, its constructional basis or spatial arrangement; acceptance of technology, meaning the use of new materials is encouraged together with the mindset that products could be mass-produced and consumed; functionalism, meaning that form should be adapted to use material and structure as in form follows function; the rejection of historical styles and internationalism meaning there are no divisions between disciplines and class of consumer. The concep t of Modernism was a response to the growth of industrialisation from the 18th into the 20th century known as the machine age and it affected all aspects of design. I am going to look at fashion design between 1900 and the 1930s and analyse its reflection of these Modernist theories. Typical fashions in 1900 featured the corset. Women were of S-shaped stance; the corset pushed the bust forward and the hips back, and this was combined with a bell-shaped skirt. 1910 brought a fundamental change in female dress, which seemed to be influenced by the Russian Ballet but there were other major aspects of contemporary culture that can answer to this. French designer, Paul Poiret was the most dominant force in fashion in the first decade of the twentieth century. He designed loose elegant dresses with high waistlines and no corset beneath in 1907. Womens clothes were softer in line, with an emphasis on slimness and followed a womans body rather than forcing the body to conform to clothing as previous dress had done. This is recognised as the start of the tubular silhouette, which remained fashionable to the end of the 1920s. This style of dress links with Modernist ideas as its emphasis is on the natural motion of the body, which is the essence of truth to material and form follows function. This style of dress goes further to link with aspects of Modernism as Richard Martin claims. This revolution in fashion that saw 3D forms of corseted and buttressed structures dissolve into flat planes, cylinders and shapes suggested abstraction rather than representation, which links with the modern art of Cubism at the time. (Montebello in Martin 1999:7) The dress shows a complex and random pattern of shapes and lines that resembles cubist art and may have been influenced by architecture. The form of the dress is also made up of shapes and flat planes that are structurally pleated or drape the body in stark contrast. Cubist art suggests motion, which is associated closely to Modernism as Modernism saw the popularisation of the automobile and also reflected the quickly changing times. During the First World War (1914-1919), great changes came to couture. Poiret and other fashion designers were called into the military and their couture houses closed. As male designers defended France a young female designer came of age. In 1915, Gabrielle Chanel took control of modern fashions, producing hats, and designing loose-fitting chemise dresses with belts at the hip. By 1916 she was making casual pleated skirts from the practical Rodier wool jersey that before the war had been restricted to mens underwear, and topping them with sailors sweaters in the mode of sportswear. At this time of wartime shortages, Chanels practical but expensive jerseys seemed an instant modern classic, appealing to wealthy clients because they made the rich look young and casual. (Tirocchi date not known:online) The war brought about other changes in fashion. Womens hemlines, which had risen from floor length to ankle length prior to the war, rose to mid calf length by 1916. Hobble skirts were instantly replaced in favour of wider more practical skirts, and womens trousers and short hair were promoted as practical fashions for war work. Although these changes were a result of the war they tie in with the Modernist concept that again form follows function. After the war Oriental fashions continued to be popular, and they were eventually stylised into a form, which came to be known as Art Deco. (Wollen 1999:11) These Oriental fashions linked with some of the modern design of the time and was seen as a part of the interest in novelty in the 19th century. Novelty in this sense meant looking at things in a different way and demonstrated designs interest in the Far East. Post-war clothing reflected womens changing roles in modern society, particularly with the idea of freedom for women. Women gained the right to vote in 1920 and were entering the workforce in record numbers. Forward-looking younger women now made sportswear into the greatest change in post-war fashion. The tubular dresses had now evolved into a similar silhouette that now sported shorter skirts with pleats, gathers or splits to allow motion to rule womens fashion. This shift towards functionalism again demonstrates Modernist theory as clothing and fashions became practical for a range of active bodily movements. Women wore flatteners to have a more boyish bust and the waist disappeared. Chanels designs took dominance and a new type of women came into existence- androgyny. This look was known as the Flapper in America and embodied the modern spirit of the Jazz Age. Chanel androgyny image and analysis. Chanels biographer, Edmonde Charles-Roux, states that Chanel was responsible for adopting sportswear to daily life and capitalizing on the feminising of masculine fashion. Chanel created the poor look, the sweaters, jersey dresses and little suits. The aim was to make people of all social status look the same, like the girl in the street This was the style of the heroines of the 1920s yet it was also a classless style and so Chanels designs were soon adapted for the mass market. This was the dashing streamlined look of the twenties, which captured the spirit of modernity. Chanel is also known for the little black dress where fuss and detail are removed, an item that now presented in varying forms and styles, is still considered a fashion essential. This is another reflection of Modernism as the design is simple; its basic form and is not cluttered with unnecessary decoration. This trend showed a more masculine tailored look in comparison to the pre-war fashions, which in itself relates to the masculinity associated with many aspects of Modernism. This trend may have been the resultant of women trying to find their place in the masculine Modern world. Several Paris firms such as Doucet, Doivillet and Drecoll closed their doors and even Poiret who had done so much to revolutionise fashion in 1910 now found himself out of step with the times. (Tirocchi date unknown:online) Chanel was a friend of Cocteau, Picasso and Stravinsky and she too felt the influence of Modern Art. Between 1925 and 1935 the strong influence of functionalism displaced ornamentation to take the form of accessories- costume jewellery; Chanel also held this forte. Clothes had become rationalised, as the modernist aesthetic had demanded. (Wollen 1999:12) Schiaparelli was another majoring force within fashion design at this time. She rejected 1920s modernism of Chanel turning instead to Surrealism. She paid homage to Poiret and like him surrounded herself with artists like Man Ray, Salvador Dali and Meret Oppenheim. Schiaparelli also experimented with new materials like cellophane, glass, plastic, and parachute silk. Schiaparelli had an architectural approach to dress, she directed her fantasy in design towards hats, gloves and shoes which can be experimented with without affecting the basic form of the body. (Wollen 1999:14) The body must never be forgotten and it must be used as a frame is used in a building. The vagaries of lines and details or any asymmetric effect must have a close connection with this frame. (Schiaparelli (1954) in Wollen 1999:14) The development of man-made fabrics during 1930s and improving technology of mass production meant that simple, well-cut clothes were brought to a wider range of people (Allan 1973:23) 1930s dresses were slim and straight, sometimes wider at the shoulders than at the hips and were sleek, flowing and streamlined as were many other products of design in the Modernist period. The streamlining was also a link to motion and speed as women started driving. This was of major influence to fashion trends as the image below shows, fashion images showed women with cars, outside and moving and so to be fashionable and modern were to be moving. The 1930s also saw women in trousers which links to masculinity and form follows function. The post war boom was short lived and the 1920s and 30s suffered from a slump named the Depression. The Depression helped bring the clothes of the different classes together at least in general line and now a new process had begun which brought the creations of the great Paris houses within the reach of nearly every woman. Before 1930 buyers (especially American buyers) purchased several dozen copies of each selected model shown in Paris and resold them to a wealthy clientele. But after the slump American authorities imposed a duty of up to 90% on the cost of the original model. Toiles were allowed duty-free. Each toile was supplied with full directions for making it up and so a simplified version could be sold very cheaply. There was also the growing use of synthetic fabrics. Even the factory girl could now afford to purchase artificial silk stockings. Costume and Fashion fill in***) These points reflect the Modernist feature of Internationalism. Divisions between the classes of the consumer had minimised. Conclusion I think the fashions of the 1900s into the 1930s reflect many aspects of Modernist theory. Mass manufacturing, increased consumerism and the speed of change are all characteristics of the Modern period and these factors altered the fashion industry and trends. The rejection of historical styles has been evident, as Ive studied the typical looks for each decade and the sweeping trends. Fashion trends, silhouettes and fabrics rapidly became old and fashionable women had to have the latest look in fashion. Modernism is characterised by the love of the new.

Muslims Essay Example

Muslims Essay Example Muslims Essay Muslims Essay Essay Topic: The arabian Nights One Thousand and One Nights The Muslims have been a part of the American History ever since the Pre-Columbian times. The Early explorers used maps that were made by Muslims. At the time, the Muslims had advance Geographical and Navigational information. Also, aside from this, during the time when African slaves were imported in the Americas, half of the slave population could be estimated to be Muslims. The Msulims arrived in Europe in different ways, these were through, Muslim Explorers, Muslim Armies, Traders, and through Scientific Research and Arabic Manuscripts. Europe being influenced by Muslim Culture was famous for exploring the Western Continent. These are some instances in History that could usher a great influence in Culture.Islamic ScienceIn 750 AD, Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, helped Science not only to thrive, but also spread towards the West(Spain) and East(Central Asia) in a period of over six hundred years.Influenced by Greek, Indian and Persian Culture, the early Arab Muslim scholars were able accrue an insurmountable amount of scientific knowledge. In doing so, they were able to make it flourish through their own innovations and discoveries.Astronomy and Mathematics were two of the bodies of knowledge which the Muslims paid attention to. Astronomy was particularly important to them specifically because of their religion. In Muslim Religion, one must pray towards a specific direction, specifically towards Mecca. Wherever a Muslim follower is, he must pray towards that direction, and at the time, they did not rely on any instruments such as a compass, but simply relied on the stars. Mathematics is relatively important to them as well with regards to dividing their property with regards to Inheritance in the Islamic Law.Although Science developed with the help of Islam’s, there are no active figures in Science that were Muslims. But during the 12th and 13th Centuries, the Research paper done by these people were translated from Arab to Latin and was passed to the wes tern continents.Medical ArtsA book that may be found in on-line, Islamic Medicine, Proviedes studies and various essays pertaining to different Physicians and scholars which would contain chapters on Islamic Medical Ethics, euthanasia and AIDS. The advance stages of Arab Medicine came in 12th and 13th Century, wherein we can find entries pertaining to Medical Schools flourishing in the Muslim Society.Some achievements of Arab medicine that were overlooked by the west was Muslim(Arab) roots of European Medicine, and the Discovery of how Pulmonary Circulation works in the Body. In fact it was discovered later by two doctors in the U.S. that the Pulmonary Circulation was indeed discovered by a Muslim that goes by the name of Ibn Nafis. This proves that the Pulmonary Circulation was not discovered in the 16th Century by the Europeans, but by Ibn Nafis who was actually a famous physician of the 13th Century.Alchemy and ChemistryAlchemy is often related to magic. It is described as the Ma gical transformation of different kinds of metal, specifically; Lead, into gold which is the most precious metal of the time. Alchemy in reality is the precursor to Modern Chemistry as we know it.A record from the 14th Century of the Arabs maid by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Ahmed al-Iraqi, pertained to a book which was about the cultivation of Gold.Literature and PoetryAn Arab named Al Biruni, born in Khawarizm(Caspian Basin), who lived in 1050’s was a man of letters and words who gave the Arabic Culture a universal dimension. Al wrote in the Persian and Arabic languages. He said, I was brought up in one language (that of Khawarizm) †¦ I learnt Arabic and Persian later, and I therefore come as an outsider to both these languages, my command of which I strive to perfect. But I must confess that I would rather be insulted in Arabic than praised in Persian.In the 8th Century, the first Arabic Literature that could be called a masterpiece was â€Å"Ibn Al-Muqaffas Kalila Wa Dimna†. This was an indication to the nature of this epoch and also it was a collection of Indian Fables translated in the Arab language. These Indian fables may it be the Persian or the original Sanskrit version is now lost.Arab grammarians were able to establish rules for the language which was developed to be pure and as much as possible, close to its origins. This was the time that the first Arab dictionary was created. During this time, the paper industry developed and the rulers began to take a liberal approach with regards to arts. Soon after, the aristocracy supported and patronized the evolution of Literature.Literary genres such as the Epistle, the short story(risala) and the maqama(a mix of diction and reality in a form of a rhythmic prose, where in the action is centered towards one character), prospered. It was at this time that the champions of Reason started to debate against the conservative majority, whether to keep their native tongue or propagate diversity.T he Arabian Nights, Alf Layla Wa Layla, or the World famous â€Å"A Thousand and One Nights† is an essence of ‘peddlers’ literature’. Peddler’s Literature in laymen’s terms would mean a form of public speaking. In Muslim countries, public speaking is a form of entertainment or communication that is loved by all. Public Speeches are done in city squares and is often used to deliver poetry, which comes with gestures. The Public speaker must have a god command of the literary piece and must also command the public to continually gain their attention.Geometrical OrnamentationBecause of the Geometrical style of Ornamentation, the art of Muslims moved towards pure abstraction. Art of Astronomers and Mathematicians would be described by the series of modifications and superposing of star like shapes with six, eight, ten, or even twelve points. With these kinds of designs which has countless foci, constitutes an invitation to meditate.Moral SystemIsla m has done a really good job of creating foundation for Human rights all through out the world which is not only observed but respected as well, what ever the circumstance may be. Not only do Muslims provide legal safeguards but they also provide and effective moral system. This moral system can be discussed as such: Anything that would lead to the welfare of an individual or the welfare of the society is morally good, and such, whatever provides to be injurious to the society and its people may be considered as morally bad.Muslims have never claimed the right to call their Moral system to be one of its kind, or a breakthrough when it comes to other moral systems, nor did it ever seek to minimize or exaggerate the importance of other moral systems. They address the well known moral virtues with equal importance with regards to its role in the scheme of life. The Muslims wanted to ensure that their sense of morality overcomes one’s selfish desire.May it be literature, science, medicine, astrology, geometry or Alchemy; Muslims have indeed made a mark in History. Their culture is rich and has done a great job of influencing other nations, specifically the Western Nations. The Influence was neither forced nor was it intentional. It was the inevitable outcome of two civilizations meeting, mixing and taking the best from each other at the boundaries of the Muslim encroachment on the Christian Civilization in Europe.

Management class-Trader Joe's case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management class-Trader Joe's case - Essay Example At the same time he asks his employees to interact with customers to collect their feedback on the products. Trader Joe has been able to satisfy both his employees and customers at the same time. Joe ensures that those who work for him are well paid and satisfied. The benefits for employees include medical, dental and vision insurance, company paid retirement, paid vacation and a 10% employee discount. 2. The management operations include various strategic phases such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. The effective coordination of these correlated activities is a basic factor which determines the level outcomes of business performance. Planning is one of the very important managerial strategies. The focus should be on satisfying the taste of customers for choosing the natural ingredients, inspiring flavors, and minimizing the costs by purchasing directly from producers. A well effective organization of the trade is also very important. Trader Joe’s considers it important to sell the quality products at low prices and limit the stock as too many options may confuse the customers. Joe allows employees to play vital role in determining the overall success. Joe has very good conviction regarding the production processes. He believes that production should not be in extra large quantities but to satisfy the customers.

2. How useful are psychological motivation theories in explaining Essay

2. How useful are psychological motivation theories in explaining behaviour in organizations - Essay Example For an effective employee, management and leadership in the workplace, there is need for understanding human nature. This is what motivational theories help the management do. These theories fall under four categories i.e. need-based theories, job based theories, cognitive process theories and the behavioural approach. These theories together provide significant insight about human behaviour thus helping managers to comprehend and motivate workers thereby improving productivity. These theories attempt to explain work motivation in terms of the extent to which employees fulfil their needs in the workplace. One important theory that falls under this category is the Maslow hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s studies about human motivation led him to establish a theory of need based on the hierarchical chain with basic needs at the bottom and higher needs at the top (Dye, Mills & Weatherbee, 2005). His emphasis was that most people are motivated by the desire to satisfy a specific group of needs. These needs are: Physiological needs which include food, shelter, clothing, sleep, sex etc. Safety or security needs which comprise of the needed for a stable environment free from threats and social needs with regard to one’s relationship with others and status within a group. Self esteem needs which comprise of the need for self respect, self esteem and the esteem of others. Self actualisation needs which simply refer to the need for fulfilment. An organisatio n can meet some of these needs through simple exercises like giving employees adequate breaks for meals, adequate salaries to cater for their families, encouraging team work to achieve their social needs and giving them challenging assignments to allow them to be creative at their work. Maslow believed that human beings tend to satisfy their needs systematically starting with the basic psychological needs and then moving up the hierarchy. A person’s behaviour will be

The effect of the recent financial crises on the UK investors psyche Literature review

The effect of the recent financial crises on the UK investors psyche - Literature review Example Theories are provided to guide the behaviours and investment strategies of the investors. The theories give emphasis on the psyche of the investors and their way of thinking and reacting to the financial market changes. The individual decisions are cognitive while investments are made. The paper also highlights on the risk measurement capacity of the investors. The risk is associated with the changes that are brought in the stock prices by the companies during the crisis period. Key Words: financial behaviour, financial crisis, Investment psyche, decision making Critical Review (Background) It is quite understandable when people ask how the crises could have happened after the disaster had struck, but given that market players are irrational, it can be said that people, including experts and laymen alike, play a psychological role in financial decision making. According to Sahi and Arora (2012) it is hardly ever heard that investors make wrong decisions who buy when they have to sell and vice-versa, despite possessing the correct information. This is in complete non-conformity with the efficient market hypothesis theory, which states that people behave rationally and maximize their utility by accurately processing all the available information. This highlights that prices remain at true values of the stock and reflect all essential information about investment (Phansatana et al., 2013). However, Shiller (2013) argues that the behavioural finance disproves the theory stating that individuals are impacted by more factors than just objective figures, including all kinds of subjective factors like, human biases and inconsistency in behaviour, thought and irrationality, when they are faced by market uncertainties. The paper analyses how the recent financial crisis has supported the idea that investors behave irrationally when faced with the financial meltdown and offers interesting observations on post crisis behaviour of investors. Investigations of the recent fina ncial meltdown in 2007 reveal that the lessons to be learnt are plentiful. The crisis investigations done by (Adrian and Shin, 2009; Taylor, 2008; Greenlaw et al., 2008) give general view of the affairs proceeding the crises and they all to some extent agree it was due to a conglomerate of macroeconomic factors like, interest rates, high market liquidity and booming rates of securities market and household. This market crisis also emphasized on the fact that financial sector was unable to predict risk specifically in US mortgage lending segment (Ferguson, 2013). This is the reason why the communication between financial sector and stakeholders was faulty and that the stakeholders had made investments without proper investigation. Ulkua and Weber (2013) firmly believe when recession occurs at the business cycle it brings in a general slowdown in the economy. A general trend of reduced spending is observed. Governments play their role by adopting policies that have an expansionary imp act on the economy like, increasing supply of money and reducing taxes. As a result of the financial crisis, Mehl (2013) examined that the equity markets had also shown a lot of volatility and this had instilled unpredictability among the investors. Investors rely on the efficient markets and expect rational behaviour, but this efficient market hypothesis had seen anomalies in the recent past. According to

Development can improve your work Essay Example for Free

Development can improve your work Essay ?1.3- explain how learning and development can improve your own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options. Learning and development means that you will be able to broaden your knowledge and skills in that particular aspect of your job role. This will improve your marketability in your job, meaning more people will recognize your company. This also helps you to understand your job role better and to open up possible places for future promotions. When learning new skills, you could realise that you are now able to do a job you used to think was impossible to complete. In completing a job it increases your value to your employer and helps provide that you keep your job and hopefully advance with the company that you are working for, also meaning more career offers, as people around different company’s may recognize you, meaning that they like the way your work and could potentially ask to employee you. It can benefit work as well the employee is better qualified and should have a better understanding of their job role.

Cryptography With Biometrics For Secure Key Exchange

Cryptography With Biometrics For Secure Key Exchange Biometrics is the application of biometry techniques to the authentication and automatic identification of people in security systems. The traditional concept of biometry addresses the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to biological sciences. Biometrics on the other hand can be said to be the science of recognizing the identity of a person based on the physical or behavioural attributes of the individual such as face, fingerprints, voice and iris (Jain et al). In Modern society, Biometrics has been important to large scale identity management systems whose functionality relies on the accurate determination of an individuals identity in several different applications context (). Traditional methods of establishing a persons identity includes knowledge based (e.g., passwords) and token based (e.g., ID cards) mechanisms, but these substitute representations of identity can be lost easily, shared, manipulated or stolen thereby compromising the intended security. By using biometrics it is possible to establish an identity based on who you are, rather than by what you possess, such as an ID card, or what you remember, such as a password (Poli et al, 2009). Biometrics is not recommended for every application and user, and in some cases biometric authentication is simply the wrong solution. Defining those environments in which biometrics offers the strongest benefit to individuals and institutions is one of the major challenges facing the biometric industry As time goes by, the increasing success and affordability of biometric technologies has continually broadened the range of applications in which biometrics operate effectively (). Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art. The goal of cryptography extends beyond merely making data unreadable. In this project it also extends into user authentication. The security of a cryptographic system is dependent relatively on the secrecy of the cryptographic key and not causing inconvenience when it falls in the hand of the enemy. Therefore, the key issue in cryptography is key management (Dong et al, 2008). Biometrics can be used to protect the key in cryptography, while cryptography and data hiding can be used to protect biometric templates (). Combining biometrics and cryptography together will have the potential to offer higher assurance of the legal information holder. Key management is an important issue in cryptographic systems. There are several ways to combine biometrics with a cryptosystem, namely: Biometrics key release Biometrics key generation Biometrics key binding In a key release mode, biometrics plays a predetermined role in a cryptosystem. The key would be released to users only if biometric matching is successful. A key generation mode requires the key of a cryptosystem being derived directly from a biometric template, hence the unique biometrics provides a unique key for the security system based on some transform or feature extraction. In the key binding mode, the system binds a cryptographic key with the users biometrics at the time of enrolment. The key would be retrieved only upon a successful authentication. The key generation/binding modes seem to be more secure than the key release mode because in key release mode, the user authentication and key release are two separate parts (Dong et al, 2008). The conventional cryptography systems do not need any complex pattern recognition strategy as in biometric systems. They almost always depend on an accurate key matching process. That is, it requires that keys are exactly correct and does not tolerate a single bit error. However, as biometric characteristics are known to be variable and noisy and each new biometric sample is always different, only an approximate match under a threshold between the input biometric data to a corresponding stored template would lead the authentication successful. Aim and Objectives Integrating only biometric authentication on systems exposes new problems. This project investigates how to enhance biometrics security using cryptographic encryption and attempts to present an overview of an up to date research in this increasingly important topic by putting biometrics, cryptography and data hiding in the same context of security enhancement. The Objectives in this project are to: Identify the main characteristics of Biometrics. Identify the main security characteristics of Cryptography and Biometrics. Identify threats and attacks towards Biometrics. Propose countermeasures for securing Biometric Templates. Evaluate attack techniques against Crypto-Systems. Research Question The following research questions have been identified after some initial investigation and going through the initial literature review. Will the combination of biometrics and cryptography secure a system from attacks and produce a secured channel to exchange data. Hypotheses The hypotheses below have been created by extensive research into biometric systems, cryptographic encryption and the security. The hypotheses created in this project are the initial reviews and may change throughout the project. The identification of threats and attacks in biometrics and cryptographic systems security. The information collected will be used to create attack scenarios to conduct an experiment on the different threats faced by biometric systems and cryptographic encryption then identify any countermeasures that can be used to secure the system. Rationale Section 2 Methods 2.1. Secondary Research Method (Literature Review) The literature review will give a detailed insight into the combination of biometrics and cryptography for the purpose of securing data exchanges. By looking at the wider topic before the development will allow the study to take a more furnished approach to a useful answer to the research question. The main objectives of the literature review will be to: Identify the main characteristics of Biometrics. Identify the main security characteristics of Cryptography and Biometrics. Identify threats and attacks towards Biometrics. Identify threats and attacks towards Cryptographic Encryption. Countermeasures for securing Biometric Templates. Evaluate attack techniques against Crypto-Systems. Identifying suitable data gathering techniques for the project. Identifying suitable data analyse techniques for the project. 2.1.1 Literature Sources Books Journals Journal of Applied Security Research, 2010 International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 2009 Information Forensics and Security, 2010 Conferences Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference, 2009 Computer Security Applications Conference, 2008 Websites IEEE/IEE Electronic Library (IEL) via IEEE Xplore http://www.ieee.org/ieeexplore ProQuest http://proquest.umi.com Springerlink www.springerlink.com 2.2. Primary Research Method (Experiment) Section 3 Resources and Risks 3.1. Required Resources Throughout this project, many resources are required for carrying out the experiment and the initial literature review. 3.1.1. Literature based resources Access to Glasgow Caledonian University library: To gain access to computers to research literature on the internet, Athens, or access books which have been published by authors that may be relevant to Cryptography and Biometrics. Internet connectivity for any other research such as Google scholar: Home and university based internet connectivity will be needed to further research any literature that may be needed. 3.1.2. Experiment based resources 3.2. Risks Section 4 Project Plan The main tasks which have to be completed during the project, the estimated time to complete and any deliverables that may be available at that time of the project are shown below. A Gantt chart will be produced to show the tasks to be done in parallel rather than in sequence to manage time effectively and avoid delays. 4.1. Project Task

American Teenagers Similar to The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq; by William Thackeray :: Memoirs Barry Lyndon Thackeray Essays

American Teenagers Similar to "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq;" by William Thackeray "The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq;" by William Thackeray, is a story that follows an Irishman who wishes and makes attempts to become a bougeiouse nobleman during the 18th century. Upon first reading the novel, I couldn't help but notice a peculiar feeling I developed towards the story: it has a lot in common with an American teenager's life! Of course, it seems rather absurd to compare the story of an 18th century Irishman to a contemporary American teenager lifestyle, but closer inspection of the novel proves that a lot of Barry's experiences, desires, fears, and emotions have very interesting similarities with those of an American teenager. In Barry's younger years, he wished to join the upper-class and be viewed as a nobleman among society. Many teenagers of the present day can relate to these desires. For what American teenager does not wish himself to be more wealthier and perceived as more socially-signifigant? Barry feels that joining the British Army will strenghten his social identity and help him move up in the world. It is interesting how Barry's desires to join the Army are similar to a teenager's desire to join a clique/sporting team. Teenagers often try to find a strong social identity by joining a clique that appears to have some sort of social signifigance. For what is so different about Barry wanting to join the Army from a geeky kid wanting to join his high school football team? Both situations show men wanting to prove their worth by joining a group that promotes masculinity. The novel displays women as being objects of desire as well as sources of emotional chaos. The women in Barry's world create romance and passion but also bring about confusion, inadequecy, rejection, and heartbreak. Any teenage male can identify women like these in their world. High school and college can be times when dating is taken very casually and in a nonchallant manner. Teenage males can be very recognizable of women who elicit the same types of feelings Barry faces with his women. There are many females in Barry's world, but the feelings of intimacy are rather brief. Any teenage male can surely relate to Barry's love life. "The Memoiors of Barry Lyndon, Esq." is ultimately the story of a man who finds himself in the social status he always dreamed of, but finds that it is not as fulfilling as he though it'd be.

Living in the forest Essay

Although the majority of people in the Amazon live in the cities and towns, there are still many indigenous groups living in the forest, some who have no contact with the ‘outside’ world and live in a harmonic environment. Rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, as well as being the home to an estimated 50 million indigenous forest people. These people depend on the rainforest for their way of life. It provides them nearly everything from shelter and food to tools and medicine. The people living in the forest make practical and sustainable use of the forest. It also plays an important role in their spiritual and cultural life. Other than hunting, gathering wild fruits and nuts and fishing, each family usually has two gardens. One is a small house garden which consists of a variety of plants and the second is a large plantation planted with bananas, manioc or rice. They use a sustainable farming method called shifting cultivation. First they clear a small area of land and burn it (slash and burn). Then they plant different types of plants, to be used for food and medicines. After a few years, the soil has become too poor to allow for more crops to grow and weeds start to take over. They then move to a nearby un-cleared area. This land is traditionally allowed to re-grow for 10-50 years before it is farmed again. Shifting cultivation is still practiced by those indigenous groups who have access to a large amount of land. However, with the growing number of non-indigenous farmers and the shrinking rainforest, other groups, especially in Indonesia and Africa, are now forced to remain in one area. The land becomes a wasteland after a few years of overuse, and cannot be used for future agriculture. Indigenous people respect the forest that, until the present, has protected them from outsiders and given them everything they need. They live in a sustainable existence. This means that they use the land without harming the plants and animals that also call the rainforest their home. Indigenous people get all their resources primarily from the forest. Other than their food they get their clothing, tools, medicines and shelter form there. This is part of their culture and way of life, as their ancestors also lived in this way. Children do not go to school however they learn about the forest through their parents and other members of the community. They are taught how to survive in the forest. This usually includes how to hunt and fish. They are also taught which plants are useful as medicines or food. Some of these children know more about the rainforests than scientists who have been studying rainforests for many years. There are many different groups. But one example is the ‘Maku’ group. A daily life of someone in the ‘Maku’ village: The women wake up at sunrise and prepare the men’s breakfast. Each meal is communal and is eaten at the leader’s house. After the men have eaten breakfast they depart either alone or in pair’s depending on what prey they saw the day before. After they have left the women and children eat and soon after go to the swiddens to harvest and replant manioc. They return around midday and prepare manioc flour, bread and porridges. At about three in the afternoon the men return with what they have caught and hand it over to their wives. Each woman cooks at her own fireplace but the meal is communal and held in the leaders house. The men eat first and then the women and children. After this three or four meals follow until they sleep, this is at around 9p.m. Indigenous people have a very strong culture and still practice it. One of the rituals are when a young boy or girl go into adulthood the hair on their head is plucked out by other people. Even though they are given a medicine to make them unconscious it is still very painful. Anybody can take part in this ritual. Each group has the same basic believes but then differs when it comes to rituals and culture. In the ‘Karaja’ group the role of men and women are very important. The men are responsible for defending the territory, clearing swiddens, domestic and collective fishing trips and formalized discussions in the men’s plaza. Women are responsible for the education of the children until the age of initiation for the boys but permanently  responsible for the girls. They also do the domestic tasks such as cooking, collecting swiddens products and arranging the marriage of the children (usually done by the grandmothers) and also the painting and decoration of the children during rituals and the manufacture of ceramic dolls. When a baby is born the baby is washed with warm water and it face is painted with red dye. During the infancy the baby spends most of its time with its mother or grandmothers. However when a boy reaches the age of seven or eight his lower lip is pierced. When he reaches the age of ten to twelve years- the boy takes part in a large male ritual called Big House or Hetohoky. The boys are painted with blue/black genipap and remain confined for seven days in a ritual house called the Big House. The hair is cut off and the boy is called giant river otter or jyre. During the first menstrual period of a girl, the maternal grandmother looks after her and she is confined in isolation. Her public re-appearance is when she is elaborately decorated with painted body designs and feather adornments in order to dance with the Aruanas. This is highly rated by the men. The marriage is ideally arranged by the grandmother-preferably from the same village. Once married the couple life at the girls mothers house. When the family number becomes numerous the couple makes their own house. They also have many myths. For example the ‘Canela’ believe that the origin of fire and corn came about like this: a boy brought fire for his people by stealing it from the hearth of a female jaguar. Star woman fell in love with a Canela and so came down to live for awhile among his family members. During her stay she told them that corn would grow fin the forest and she taught them that it was good to eat. This is the origin of the gardens. She then returned to the sky with her mate and they transformed into twin starts which we know as Castor and Pollux. These are just one of the myths which have now become the background of these people. Nutrient cycling is an important part of the ecosystem. It is added into the ecosystems in many ways: Leaching- the nutrients are removed by the movement of the water. Harvesting- when the trees get harvested the nutrients they contained get removed. The amount of nutrients removes depends on how the harvesting is done. Atmosphere- nutrients contained in precipitation and dusts are deposited on the forest site. Weathering of parent material- the slow process of breaking down rock and mineral gets nutrients released in the soil. Due to human activity the life of these people are being altered. There are also a lot of environmental issues which affect the rainforest and the people living in it. This includes forest fires, diseases and landslides. The changes of environment are depending on the region and the climate. Due to all of this the lives are being changed and more recently in a major way. The cultures they had a long time ago are being lost. Before they lived depending on their surroundings and what they had and also they enjoyed it. But now they are slowly depending on tourists for some of their income and will most probably become completely dependant on tourists. Spear fishing- it is used when setting a net would be impractical, such as near trees. The spearhead is three pointed and barbed. A string is attached at the end of the spear so the fisherman can get the fish after a successful throw. Sugar cane pressers- sugar cane is grown primarily for the juice and then fermented to make a type of rum called ‘aguardiente’.

Local Anaesthetic Agents †Anatomy Research Paper

Local Anaesthetic Agents – Anatomy Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Local anaesthetic molecules are made of an aromatic group linked to a basic side chain by an ester or amide bond. The side chain is basic because it is made of a secondary or tertiary amino derivatives. This typical structure is demonstrated by lignocaine, as shown in the adjacent diagram. These molecules are therefore weak bases, with pKa values in the range of 8-9, so they mainly exist as ions in body fluids at physiological pH. The only exception is benzocaine, where the amino group is attached directly to the aromatic side chain. Local anaestheics act by reversibly binding to the S6 transmembrane helical segment on any of the four domains of the sodium voltage-gated channel. The S6 segment possesses a binding site accesible only from the cytosol, therby physically blocking the entry of sodium ions into the axoplasm. As a result, the inward sodium current upon neuron excitation cannot exceed the outward potassium current, the membrane cannot be depolarised to threshold and an action potential cannot be initiated. This is effective only when the anaesthetic is in its ionised quartenary form. Therefore, the compound must be able to penetrate the hydrophobic lipid-rich axon membrane (and myelin sheath, if present) to act effectively; only the electrically neutral form of the anaesthetic can do so. Once in the water-rich axoplasm, the anaesthetic ionises, and subsequent binding is hence possible. Thus, it is the coexistance of the neutral and protonated forms of the anaesthetic in solution that allows for the â₠¬Å"bypassing† of the axolemma and the relatively rapid targeting of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Another beneficial feature of anaesthetics attributed to their mechanism of action is their preferential blocking of pain and autonomic neurons, while sparing those involved with coarse touch and movement. Myelinated neurons have a higher surface density of voltage-gated channels than the axolemma of unmyelinated neurons; therefore, they are less likely to be blocked when exposed to the same dosage level of anaesthetic. Axons with larger diameters are also less likely to be blocked than ones of smaller diameter because they can conduct passively over longer distances. Since nociceptive impulses are carried by A? (small myelinated) and C (unmyelinated) fibres, pain sensation is blocked more readily than other sensory modalities. Although all neurons in the region of anaesthetic introduction will be affected to a certain extent when considering the practical anaesthetic dosages used during surgery, this mode of action nevertheless ensures that the patient does not experience sensations of pain. Numerous varietes of anaesthetics show use-dependence: the more channels are open, the greater the block becomes. This is because the entry of the blocking agents is more probable with an open channel, that possesses a wider pore. Furthermore, due to the shape of the anaesthetic molecule, the equilibrium between the closed and inactivated states of the channel will be in favour of the inactivated state in the presence of the anaesthetic, thereby greatly reducing the probability of the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Since touch, pressure and pain sensory-neurons in the anaesthetised region will relay a train of action potentials during surgery, they are the most likely to be blocked as their voltage-gated channels will cycle through open and inactivated states. This mechanism contributes greatly to the overall blocking effect of the anaesthetic. Drug solubility and the presence of either an ester or amide bond are important factors when considering the required rate of onset and duration of anaesthesia. Ester-linked local anaesthetics, such as anethocaine, are rapidly hydrolysed by both plasma and liver cholinesterases, and so have a short biological-half life and blocking duration (about one hour). Amide-linked anaesthetics, such as lignocaine, can only be metabolised in the liver by N-dealkylation, and the resultant metabolites themselves are often anaethetically active. They are therfore more widely used due to their longer blocking duration (about 2 hours). Anaesthetic solubility can also be a determining factor when choosing an anaesthetic. Benzocaine is an unusual local anaesthetic of very low solubility, and so is used as a dry powder to dress painful skin ulcers: the drug is slowly released and produces long-lasting surface anaesthesia. Lignocaine, on the other hand, is often utilised in the form of its acid salt (us ually with hydrochloric acid) and so can be injected in an aqueous form during epidural and spinal anaestheisa for a rapid blocking effect. Lastly, all local anaesthetics used are stable when heated. This is necessary to ensure that sterilisation of the anaesthetic prior to introduction into the body is effective and does not alter the anaesthetic’s binding efficacy to sodium voltage-gated channels. Although local anaesthetics are administered in such a way as to minimise their spread to other parts of the body, they are ultimately absorbed into systemic circulation. Furthermore, local anaesthetics may be injected into veins or arteries by accident. The major unwanted side effect that may occur systemic toxicity, the risk of which increases when higher doses and larger areas are involved. Thus, they are capable of interfering with normal central nervous system function. At low doses, the main effect of the anaesthetic on the CNS is stimulation: this produces restlessness, tremor, and subjective effects ranging from confusion to extreme agitation. Higher doses can cause the tremors to progress to severe convulsions, and even higher doses produce CNS depression. The main threat to life at this stage comes from respiratory depression, because of the anaesthetic’s depression of the respiratory centre and/or phrenic nerve. To reduce the possibility of such effects from occurri ng, a cuff may be used to reduce anaesthetic systemic spread when introduced in the upper limb, or by introducing vasoconstrictors such as adrenalin and felypressin when dealing with the thorax. The risk of systemic toxicity is present if the cuff is released prematurely, or if the dosage of vasoconstrictor is to low. The only exception to this rule is cocaine, which produces euphoria at doses well below those that cause convulsions due to its specific blocking effect on monoamine uptake. Procaine produces especially prominent unwanted central effects, which is a reason for its replacement by lignocaine and prilocaine, whose central effects are much less pronounced. Local anaesthetics commonly affect the cardiovascular system when present in systemic circulation. They have negative chonotropic and inotropic effects on the heart: by inhibiting the inward sodium ion current, anaesthetics decrease the cytosolic concentration of sodium ions in cardiomyocytes, which in turn reduces intracellular calcium ion stores, and this reduces both the frequency and force of contraction. Vasodilatation of arterioles is due to the direct effect of local anaesthetics on vascular smooth muscle and the indirect inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. The combined myocardial depression and vasodilatation produces a fall in blood pressure, which may be sudden and life threatening. Cocaine is an exception: it produces opposite effects, such as increased cardiac output and arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output because of its ability to inhibit noradrenalin uptake. Another common side effect restricted only to the use of local anaesthetics in spinal and epidural anaesthesia is postoperative urinary retention due to the block of pelvic autonomic outflow. Other side effects are more rare. Hypersensitivity reactions sometimes occur, usually in the form of allergic dermatitis (most frequently during surface anaesthesia in atopic patients), but rarely as an acute anaphylactic reaction. Other unwanted side effects are specific to particular drugs, such as mucosal irritation when applying cocaine, and methaemoglobinaemia when using large doses of prilocaine due to the production of toxic metabolites (the haeme iron is oxidised from the +2 to the +3 state and so cannot bind to oxygen: subsequent symptoms include fatigue, dizziness and cyanosis). This is why prilocaine is rarely used in obstetric analgesia. 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